What is the prostate cancer? What are the causes of prostate cancer and how to avoid them? Prostate comes from the Ancient Greek word “prostates” which is translated as “set before.” It`s called the prostate because of its position at the base of the bladder. Why is prostate cancer so special? Here are some facts.
Сauses of prostate cancer in males
- Prostate cancer is considered to be the most common cancer amongst men after skin cancer.
- Around 1,5% of men in the world are diagnosed with prostate cancer.
- Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of death amongst men of all races. It`s especially threatening to the men of Hispanic origins.
- Around 300 000 of men die from prostate cancer every year.
- Prostate cancer occurs mainly in older men, around 60% of men diagnosed with prostate cancer are 65 years or older.
- Prostate cancer has no early symptoms. It means that the question “How to prevent prostate cancer?” is extremely crucial!
- Around 90% of men diagnosed with prostate cancer – do not die from it.
Сauses of prostate cancer in males
Reproduction
Before talking about the causes of cancer, it should be mentioned the reasons why men have this part of the body. The prostate is an exocrine gland existed directly under the bladder of the male reproductive system. This exocrine gland is one of the secretions that end up outside of the body. The prostate gland is almost like a walnut in size. The tube that goes directly from the bladder and to the end of the penis is called the urethra. It goes directly via prostate and carries semen and urine. Thousands of tiny glands in the prostate are responsible for the fluid formation which is part of the semen. This fluid is also responsible for the protection of the spermatozoids. The prostate and testicles create a fantastic team that helps to impregnate a woman. When a man climaxes the contractions command the prostate to release fluids into the urethra and leave the body through the penis.
Prostate-specific Antigen
Сauses of prostate cancer in males
The prostate gland generates a specific protein called the prostate specific antigen or PSA. This PSA helps your semen to be liquid. Some PSA cells might get into a bloodstream. If the level of the PSA in a blood of a man is high, then it might be a problem with the prostate or even worse – the prostate cancer. Nevertheless, it`s not a clear indication that you have a lethal disease because of the high level of PSA in your blood, but it means that something is not good. Male hormones have much effect on the PSA level and the size of the prostate. PSA blood level may be altered with hormone medications. If a man has not enough male hormones during adulthood, then the prostate may not grow into the full size.
Prostate cancer
Сauses of prostate cancer in males
In most patients, the prostate cancer launches its journey in the gland cells, which are called adenocarcinoma. Prostate cancer is treated as a slowly progressing disease. The fact is that a lot of men dies in the old age without knowing that they are on one of the stages of prostate cancer. Only after an autopsy, it can be possible to make a diagnosis. According to one study, around 80% of men in their eighties in the world has prostate cancer, but most of them experience no problem with that. Experts provide the information that the prostate cancer begins with tiny changes in gland cells – Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia.
Around 50% 0f men in their fifties have changed in PIN. Doctors can see this changes under the microscope. They also divide these changes into low-grade and high-grade changes. Low-grade changes in PIN are considered to be normal, where high-grade changes are connected with cancer risks. Patients who diagnosed with high-grade changes are to be monitored by doctors.
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Types of prostate cancer
Сauses of prostate cancer in males
One of the most important things in treating the cancer is knowing stages of cancer. It helps doctors to define the prognosis and select the therapy for the patient. One of the latest and most common determining systems for the prostate cancer exam is called Tumor-Nodes-Metastases. It can be divided into three stages:
- What is the size of the tumor?
- How many lymph responsible for this tumor?
- Are there any metastases?
When these questions are answered – another step is to define whether this cancer is spread to other parts of the body. Clinical T1 and T2 cancers are stationed in the prostate, where T3 and T4 are noted beyond the measures of the prostate. There are many ways to know the prostate cancer spread range. The tomography can check whether it`s spread in the pelvis. Bone scans can detect whether cancer is spread to the bones. If the prostate cancer is spread to the seminal vesicles, then it can be seen with endorectal coil magnetic resonance.
Prostate cancer stages
Сauses of prostate cancer in males
Gleason score
When you are diagnosed with the prostate cancer, your doctor will make you through the Gleason score. It`s based on the microscopic appearance of the prostate cancer. The higher the Gleason, the more aggressive is the prostate cancer.
- Grade 1. Cancer prostate is almost undistinguished from the normal prostate. The prostate glands are closely packed, small and well-shaped.
- Grade 2. The tissue of prostate still has well-shaped glands, but they are not small, and there is a distance between them.
- Grade 3. The overall cells are darker, but the prostate glands are still recognizable. The cancer cells start to attack the surrounding tissue.
- Grade 4. The tissue still has recognizable glands, but not so many. Cancer starts invading surrounding tissue.
- Grade 5. No recognizable glands. Cancer invaded surrounding tissues.
Prostate cancer stage I
Cancer is found in prostate only. The PSA level
Prostate Cancer Stage II
The tumor on the Stage two has grown inside the prostate, but it does not leave its measures. The tumor can evolve more than one-half of lobe. The tumor can involve two lobes on stage II-b or just one lobe on the stage II-a.
Prostate Cancer Stage III
Prostate cancer on Stage III can involve outside the prostate tissues. It can involve seminal vesicles tissues, but no spreading to lymph nodes.
Prostate Cancer Stage IV
On stage IV of Prostate Cancer, it can be spread outside prostate tissues. Stage IV cancer can involve lungs, liver, the bones, and lymph nodes.
Types of prostate cancer list
Сauses of prostate cancer in males
- Small cell prostate cancer. This cancer is made up of small round cells. It`s one of the types of neuroendocrine cancer.
- Squamous cell cancer. This cancer is provided by the flat cells which cover the prostate. They have a tendency to spread and grow quickly.
- Transitional cell cancer. This type of cancer starts in the tube that continues up to the urethra. This cancer is initializing in the bladder and spreads to the prostate. Nevertheless, in some rare cases, it`s possible that it starts in the prostate.
- Ductal adenocarcinoma. This type of prostate cancer launches in the prostate gland and ducts. It has a tendency to spread and grow fast.
- Acinar adenocarcinoma. This cancer is developed in the prostate and prostate glands. It`s considered to be one of the most common prostate cancers.
Symptoms of prostate cancer
Сauses of prostate cancer in males
Doctors inform that there are almost no symptoms of prostate cancer at the early stages. Most patients find that they have prostate cancer during the blood test check. Still, it`s possible to find the next symptoms in the early stage of prostate cancer.
- Excessive urination
- Intensive urge to urinate at nights
- Problems to start urinating
- Problems to keep urinating
- Blood in the urine
- Painful urination
- Painful ejaculation
- Problems with achieving or maintaining the erection
Symptoms of prostate cancer in the advance stages:
- Leg weakness ( cancer affects the spinal cord)
- Urinary incontinence
- Bone pain
- Fecal incontinence
Causes of prostate cancer
Doctors are not sure about certain causes of prostate cancer. They still have disputes about causes and prevention of prostate cancer.
Сauses of prostate cancer in males
Age
One of the of the primary factors for the prostate cancer is age. The older a man, the higher the risk. Prostate cancer is rare for men under 45 and much common for the age of 50 or more.
Genetics
According to the study of funded by the UK, it showed that men whose fathers or grandfather had prostate cancer – have twice more chances to get the prostate cancer. White people are less prone to have the prostate cancer. African race has the most chances to develop prostate cancer.
Diet
One of the causes of cancer is the poor diet. Cancer can be reduced with the certain food consuming. One of the studies indicates that the most welcome diet connected with vitamin E consummation. Men who take the proactive style of life – have lower chances to get prostate cancer.
Medication
UroToday.com provided a study where it was showed that there is a link between the prostate cancer risks and daily consumed anti-inflammatory medicines. It also showed that statins used for decreasing the cholesterol level might also decrease the developing of prostate cancer.
Obesity
Obesity can severely increase the risks of the prostate cancer. Men suffering from the obesity can also suffer from the high risks of prostate cancer.
Sexually transmitted diseases
According to the study conducted by the University of Michigan, men who had gonorrhea have higher chances of getting prostate.
Prevention of prostate cancer
It`s clear that if you have a desire to change your chances in getting prostate you might need to follow certain steps.
- Eat more tomatoes. The study provided by the University of Michigan showed that tomatoes could help you to reduce chances of prostate cancer.
- Green vegetables contain compounds that provide your body assistance in breaking down the carcinogens. A nutrient-rich diet can help you with cancer.
- Fish. Fatty acids and Omega-3 are perfect helpers in reducing the levels prostate cancer risk. It has been found that low-fat diet can slow the growth of the prostate.
- Isoflavones. These elements are found to reduce the risks of spreading cancer. They can be found in peanuts, lentils, tofu, alfalfa sprouts, and chickpeas.
- Coffee. Decades of studies showed that coffee drinkers have fewer chances of getting prostate cancer. The chemicals, like kahweol and cafestol, are well-known for the fighting cancer-fighting abilities.
- Animal fats can increase the risks of prostate cancer. The case is connected with animal fats. Therefore, it`s recommended to replace animal fats with plant fats when it`s possible.
- No smoking. Cigarettes can increase the risks of various diseases, and prostate cancer is not the last in the list.
- Exercise. One of the most important links is between prostate cancer and your lifestyle. People with more proactive lifestyle, who eat well nutrient food and exercise regularly have much fewer chances to get prostate cancer.
- Check your doctor. Remember that regular tests in the hospital can help you to prognoses any disease.
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